Grammar Points

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Japanese Haiku Grammar Points


Added as I find them.

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word order - think backwards

mizu no oto - the sound (oto) of water (mizu)
. WKD : mizu no oto 水の音 .


te o utsu - to clap (utsu) my hands (te)


. Translating Japanese Haiku - FB .


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Post-nominal particles
wa, mo, ga, o, na, no


Fragrance of the plum blossom
ume ga ka　梅が香 is the poetical version of ume no ka, ume no hana no kaori .


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VERBS

Basic conjugation of Japanese verbs

。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

ending in ji じ、maji まじ
nai daroo, arumai

shiraji 知らじ ... shiranai daroo
fumaji　踏まじ　... fumanai tsumori da
fuyu ni makeji ... makeru tsumori wa nai

maji
.. kitto nai daroo, nai ni chigai nai, hazu ga nai, nai tsumori de aru
fumu majiki　踏むまじき funde wa naranai, fumu tsumoro ga nai
make majiku　負けまじく makeru hazu ga nai
oimajiku 老いまじく ou tsumori ga nai
kiyu majiki　消ゆまじき kieru koto wa nai daroo
yamu majiki 止むまじき yami soo mo nai (not going to stopp soon)

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looks like

ending in meri めり
no yoo da, ni mieru ... something I can see

kaeru meri　帰るめり kaeru yoo da
.....

ending in nari なり　
no yoo da, rashii, to iuu, soo da ... something I can hear or was told

kasuka ni sunaru かすかにすなる ... suru yoo na

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ending in RAMU らむ (rame) present or
.... KEMU けむ　（ken) past tense
to make an interference to something that is NOT in front of your eyes.
(suiryoo 推測〕a guess; 〔推論〕an inference

ending in MU, MUZU む、むず
MU .. mu - mu -me
MUZU .. muzu - muzuru - muzure
mu + aku = maku (koto to tokoro)

naku ramu ... naite iru daroo : maybe is crying
matsu ramu ... matte iru daroo : maybe is waiting
moyuran ... ima moete iru daroo 燃ゆらん

kemaku ... soo daroo koto
arikemu / nakarikemu

okuri kemu ... okutta daroo 送
mezame kemu ... mezameta daroo 目覚め
tsumi kemu ... tsunda to iuu 摘

kazaramu ... kazaru daroo 飾
ugokamu ... (watakushi ga) ugokoo 動かむ
wakare namu ... (watakushi ga) kanarazu wakareyoo to suru 別かれ

fumu maku ... fumu daroo　踏む
umu maku ... umoo to suru koto 生む
shinamu ... shinu daroo 死
iten ... iteru daroo 凍て
0704/03

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ending in TA た　indicates the past tense.

ending in TSU means a finished activity (in past, present or future), finished by the intention of a human.　

ending in NU a finished activity (in past, present or future), coming to an end by a natureal process.
kaze fukinu, 風吹きぬ
ame yaminu　雨やみぬ

tsuki nokorinu ... the moon remains
tsuki kakurenu ... the moon has hidden itself
............ BUT
kakurenu tsuki ... the moon is not hidden


TSU and NU also stress the acitvity.
。。。。。　kitto soo daroo きっとそうだろう

furitekeri 振りてけり 。。振ったなあ
kitsuru kana 来つるかな　。。　来てしまったなあ
koe ni keri 超えにけり　。。。超えたなあ
kogashitemu 焦してむ　。。きっと焦がしてしまうだろう
mitsu 見つ　。。　見た
oinureba 老いぬれば　。。。老いてしまったので
sarinuru 去りぬる　。。。去った
suginu 過ぎぬ　。。。すぎてしまった
toriotoshinaba とり落しなば ... moshi　とり落してしまったならば


G.B.Sansom :
-nu is a negative suffix as well as a sign of the perfect tense.

ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo

containing ru る

fukaruru　吹かるる ...= fukareru ... is blown (by the wind)

nemurarezu 眠られず　... can not sleep

sasarureba　ささるれば ...yubi sasarureba ...= yubu sasareru to ... pointing at something with the finger (to make the reader aware of something that was mentioned in the line before

shirare keri 知られけり　... can be known (by what was expressed in the first two lines of the haiku

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containing taru たる

~たる(taru) is the 連体形(rentaikei) of an ancient Japanese auxiliary verb ~たり(tari).

たる and と are adjectival verb endings. In archaic Japanese, the root form is たり, which is a drivation from とあり(toari) which degraded to たり. In archaic Japanese, たり conjugated as たら、たり/と、たり、たる、たれ、in which と(serving as a copula to a declinable word) and　たる (serving as a copula to a inclinable word) survived in the modern Japanese, where たる is used instead of とした、to give weight to the expression.

http://www.humanjapanese.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=17&sid=e89b26d9c51fbe408fb9a7d9c51455a8


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tsugeraruru　告げらるる ... tsugerareru koto dana.... has been mentioned, said, implied, understood by (what has been described in the lines before)

yoserarete 寄せられれ ... been brought together by

yurusareyo　許されよ　...= yurushite kudasai ... please forgive me for it


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be reluctant to leave, past tense:
oshinda ... oshimikeru 惜しんだ


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Rentai-shuushokugo 連体修飾語, or participial adjectives
Rentai Syuusyoku (Noun-Modifying Clauses)

"Generally speaking the rentai-shuushokugo, or participial adjectives, in Japanese can be readily linked with nouns, as shown in the following examples:

我事と鯲のにげし根芹哉　
waga koto to dojoo no nigeshi nezeri kana

The parsley roots --
Where the loach swam away,
Thinking someone's after him.
Tr. Umeyo Hirano

JOOSOO 内藤丈草 Naito Joso
（寛文2年(1662)～元禄17年(1704.2.24)）

Someone come to pick the parsley growing in the swampy water, when a loach suddenly moved away, thinking the person came to catch him. The noun modifier is nigeshi (that swam away), which modifies nezeri (parsley), so literally it might read; "The loach-escaping parsley."

From "The Japanese Language" by Haruhiko Kindaichi, translated and annotated by Umeyo Hirano. Byline: "A classic explanation of the Japanese language by one of Japan's most famous linguists.", Tuttle Language Library, 1978 (Japanese original, 1957); page 258.

... ... ...

I am wondering :
dojoo no nigeshi ...
dojoo ga nigemashita, maybe, in plain language

group/translatinghaiku/

... ... ...

. . . . . Shirakawa:
the modifying clause presents the circumstance in which the hearer can identify the referent of the modified noun.

amaimono o tabesugita] mushiba]
sweets ate too much rotten teeth .. this is unacceptable



. . . . . Abe :
ie o tateru] gomi]
house build trash .. this is unacceptable

ie o tateru toki ni deru] gomi] : OK


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ADJECTIVES


the suffix -mi

suzumu the verb means to cool
suzuyaka na is an adjective
suzumi 涼み　 makes it an abstract noun



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PARTICLES 助詞

They never change their form, like no の、ka か, mo　も

Here is a list of them

Case Particles 格助詞
ga, no, o, o-ba, ni, e, to, yori, kara, kara-ni, shite, nite

Conjunctive Particles 接続助詞
ba, to, tomo, do, domo, ni, o, ga, te, shite, zu-te, te-wa,
Conjunctive Particle te plus Supplementary Verb
de, tsutsu, nagara, mono-o, mono-kara, mono-no, mono-yue

Bound Particles 係助詞
wa, mo,mo at the End of a Sentence, zo, zo at the End of a Sentence, namu (nan), ya (yawa),ya (yawa) at the End of a Sentence, ka (kawa), ka (kawa) at the End of a Sentence, koso

Adverbial Particles 副助詞
sura, dani, sae, nomi, bakari, nado, made, shi, shimo

Final and Interjectory Particles
Final Particles 終助詞
na, zo, baya namu kana, ga, gana, ne, kane, kamo, mo
Interjectory Particles
... Bound Particles at the Ends of Sentences


間投助詞 kantoo joshi
「na な（なあ）」「ne ね（ねえ）」「sa さ」
Old Japanese uses 古語の「ya や」「yo よ」「を」「ゑ」「ろ」など

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天上もさびしからんに燕子花 / 鈴木六林男
淋しからんに ... sabishikaran ni ... sabishii daroo no ni
NI here means no ni, sore na no ni
"kono sabishii chijoo　地上 niwa utsukushii kakitsubata ga saite iru!


forms used in old Japanese

BAYA ... TAI
tadorabaya 辿らばや　... tadora baya ... tadori tai

sentence ending particles: KA, KANA/KASHIRA, NA, NE
http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa102101a.htm



ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo

kawa ni ... location, place where something IS: at the river
kawa e ... from my location moving toward some other place: to the river

kawa e dete, kawa ni dete ... can both be used in haiku.
with NI　に, the place is stressed.
with E　へ, the movement is stressed.

kawa o　を nagareru ... something is flowing on the river (starting point or passing point of a movement)

ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo

NO and GA were used with the same meaing, GA, in old Japanese grammar.
kaze no fuku, kaze ga fuku, wind is blowing.
ume no ka, ume ga ka, fragrance of the plum blossom.

The use of NO instead of GA has a somehow softer, gentler meaning for a haiku.
NO is used in line one of a haiku, but usually not in line three.

The use of GA instead of NO: feeling more soft and gentle about the relation.


陽炎や名もしらぬ虫の白き飛 / Buson
kageroo ya na mo shiranu mushi no shiroki tobu

mushi no shiroki tobu = mushi de shiroi no ga tobu.
relationship of things.

heat shimmers -
a white insect unknown to me
is flying around
Tr. Gabi Greve

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Modal Particles Kakari joshi 係助詞

koso こそ　.. to strengthen the meaning
ima koso hikare ... ima hikaru

koso at the end of line 3 is a shortening of koso are ... koso arimasu.

どかと解く夏帯に句を書けとこそ
doka to toku natsu-obi ni ku o kake to koso
Takahama Kyoshi .. wiht explanation

When the girl asked Kyoshi to write a haiku on her sash, he was quite surprized at her straightforwardness and this is the KOSO in the haiku.


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go shichi go

The first and last line of a haiku usually have five beats.

jiamari, too many sylables, in the first line leads to pronouncing the first line just a bit faster to adjust it to five beats. This might add to the meaning of a haiku, giving it some urgency, presence and freshness.

jitarazu, missing sylables, should on the other hand not be read by lengthening the existing beats, but inserting a break beat at a suitable point.
Most Japanese nouns with only one sylable, like 湯、手、火 can be read with a lengthening break.

for example (this is only possible to understand in Japanese)

手を付いて　te o tsuite ... te tsuite 手ついて reading as five beats like

te (break) tsuite


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Related Items

***** My Haiku Theory Archives


EXTERNAL LINKS

***** Learn Japanese Online ! The Basics !
TheJapanesePage.com

Introduction to Japanese Grammar
Mitsuhiro Tagata (C) 1996
With the kanji for Japanese expressions.


Alexander Vovin has the following to say on the traditional classification of Japanese verbs



Haiku: A Poet's Guide , by Lee Gurga
Haiku Grammar page 79


Tadashi Shookan Kondoo
"Principles of Universal Haiku Grammar: A Semiotic Study of Haiku Creation"
(Meiji Gakuin Cultural Studies, 1991)

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日本語


五月雨に鶴の足短くなれり
さみだれに つるのあし みじかくなれり
Basho

五月雨で水嵩が増した沼地、そこに立つ鶴の足はすっかり短くなった。笑わせようという計略がいやみ。

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李下、芭蕉を贈る:
ばせを植ゑてまづ憎む荻の二葉哉　
ばせをうゑてまづにくむをぎのふたばかな


李下に貰った芭蕉の株を庭に植えて、その健やかな成長を願うあまり、あたりにはびこりだした、まだ可憐な荻の二葉さえ憎らしく思う。」

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闇夜（ヤミノヨトスゴク）狐下這ふ玉真桑　
やみのよとすごくきつねしたばふたままくは

無気味な闇夜にまぎれて狐が好物の真桑瓜をねらい、瓜畑の中に密かに這い込む。

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侘びてすめ月侘斎が奈良茶歌　
わびてすめつきわびさいがならちゃうた

月侘斎よ大いに侘びて住むがよい。その歌う奈良茶歌の声も空の月とともに詫びて澄み渡れ。
cha-uta, chauta
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貧山の釜霜に鳴く声寒し　
ひんざんのかましもになくこゑさむし

霜の降る夜更け、貧寺の庫裡に湯釜のすすり泣くような音が聞こえて、いかにも寒々とした感じだ。あれは釜が霜の寒気に泣く音なのだ。

nadonado

source : 　Hollywood-Studio 芭蕉全句鑑賞　

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