Allusion

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Allusion used in Haiku

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An allusion is a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication. M.H. Abrams defined allusion as "a brief reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place or event, or to another literary work or passage". It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection (Fowler); an overt allusion is a misnomer for what is simply a reference.

An allusion is a literary term, though the word also has come to encompass indirect references to any source, including allusions in film or the visual arts. In literature, allusions used to link concepts that the reader already has knowledge of, with concepts discussed in the story.

In discussing the richly allusive poetry of Virgil's Georgics, R.F. Thomas distinguished six categories of allusive reference, which are applicable to a wider cultural sphere.

These types are

Casual Reference, "the use of language which recalls a specific antecedent, but only in a general sense" that is relatively unimportant to the new context;
Single Reference, in which the hearer or reader is intended to "recall the context of the model and apply that context to the new situation"; such a specific single reference in Virgil, according to Thomas, is a means of "making connections or conveying ideas on a level of intense subtlety";
Self-Reference, where the locus is in the poet's own work;
Corrective Allusion, where the imitation is clearly in opposition to the original source's intentions;
Apparent Reference ""which seems clearly to recall a specific model but which on closer inspection frustrates that intention" and
Multiple Reference or Conflation, which refers in various ways simultaneously to several sources, fusing and transforming the cultural traditions.

Allusion differs from the similar term intertextuality in that it is an intentional effort on the author's part. The success of an allusion depends in part on at least some of its audience "getting" it. Allusions may be made increasingly obscure, until at last they are understood by the author alone, who thereby retreats into a private language.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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Modes of allusion
Earl Miner

The modes include the following:

metaphoric allusion in which an echo of the previous work imports the tenor of the previous work to the new context;

imitative allusion in which a quotation of the exact language or representation of generic characteristics of the previous work creates an equivalence between the previous context of utterance and the new context;

parodic allusion in which a quotation of the language or representation of generic characteristics of the previous work suggests a discrepancy between the previous context of utterance and the new context; and

structural allusion in which repetition of structural elements (e.g., recognition and reversal) of a previous work gives form to the new work by analogy to the previous work. ("Allusion")
source : www.semo.edu


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quote

Cor van den Heuvel

“The writing of variations on certain subjects in haiku, sometimes using the same or similar phrases (or even changing a few words of a previous haiku), is one of the most interesting challenges the genre offers a poet and can result in refreshingly different ways of ‘seeing anew’ for the reader.
This is an aspect of traditional Japanese haiku which is hard for many Westerners, with their ideas of uniqueness and Romantic individualism, to accept. But some of the most original voices in haiku do not hesitate to dare seeming derivative if they see a way of reworking an “old” image.”

quote from
Make Haibun New through Chinese Poetic Past:
Basho’s Transformation of Haikai Prose
by Chen-ou Liu
Simply Haiku July 2010


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In haiku, allusion could be seen as

cultural keywords, a kind of haiku topics.
The various regional saijiki of the WKD provide many samples of "cultural keywords".



"Poetry Pillow words" utamakura　歌枕

. Utamakura in Japanese poetry and haiku
Discussion



. Placenames used in Haiku / a LIST
Japanese and worldwide


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quote
Allusion, Poetry about Poetry

The emphasis on the "haiku moment" in North American haiku has meant that most of the poetry does not have another major characteristic of Japanese haikai and haiku: its allusive charcter, the ability of the poem to speak to other literary or poetic texts. I believe that it was Shelley who said that poetry is ultimately about poetry. Great poets are constantly in dialogue with each other. This was particularly true of haikai, which began as a parodic form, by twisting the associations and conventions of classical literature and poetry.

One of Basho's innovations was that he went beyond parody and used literary and historical allusions as a means of elevating haikai, which had hitherto been considered a low form of amusement. Many of Basho and Buson's haikai in fact depend for their depth on reference or allusion to earlier poetry, from either the Japanese tradition or the Chinese tradition.

. Beyond the Haiku Moment : Haruo Shirane


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Allusion in Haiku
Art Durkee

Allusions are references to literary works, to art, to cultural, historical, and political events. They can be explicit or indirect, evocative or direct. They are connections to a shared pool of cultural imagery and conception, and the reader is expected to understand the reference. Allusion in poetry is expected to deepen the meaning of a poem, for example by connecting a contemporary scene to one from ancient Greek mythology.
http://artdurkee.blogspot.com/2008/06/allusion-in-haiku.html


. Read more here


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A Sampling of Cultural Haiku
First published in Hermitage 3:1–2, 2006 (Romania), pages 79–83.

Haiku in English—or at least in North America—is sometimes criticized for lacking the geographical, cultural, literary, or personal references that frequently enrich haiku in Japanese. However, a sampling of just one issue of a recent journal, the June 2004 issue of The Heron’s Nest (VI:5), calls this criticism into question. Indeed, the following sample poems all provide allusions and references that make for a richer reader experience.
http://sites.google.com/site/graceguts/essays/cultural-haiku



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Haiku Allusion - (1) On the Theme of Death
Susumu Takiguchi


after your death
a good epitaph, only for others
and autumn wind
[William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, Hamlet, II, ii, 553]




autumn ending . . .
I’d rather die once, and let others
in life die many times
[William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, I, i, 134]




winter night . . .
even the fair of unparallel’d beauty
in death’s possession
[William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, 199]


MORE
source : simplyhaiku.com, Autumn 2005



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Honka-dori is an action to write a new poem but alluding to a honka (original poem).
Unison (shoowa　唱和)
Plagiatism
Déjà-ku ... coincidence
. 'honka-dori, honkadori ほんかどり【本歌取り】 　


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With allusion and with honkadori,
if the reader does not know the original you are referring to, he will think all the lines of a haiku are original from the poet.

So if you write a haiku with an allusion, better give a footnote with the quote you are referring to.
I tend to call this "Haiku in Context".

Japanese haiku poets were lucky to write in a rather closed society during the Edo period, educated poeple knew what they knew and could compose haiku with allusions to the Chinse classics and old waka without a problem. A translation for a European or American audience is usually not enough, it needs more information of the Japanese background.
Therefore when translating from Japanese, I can not expect the European reader to know all the cultural implications, so I give more background information and present the translation as a "Haiku in Context".

Haiku should be a "stand alone",
but only if the proper context is know to all readers.

This is hard to accomplish in a worldwide online haiku scene.
Therefore I propagate

Haiku in Context

also for haiku magazines and publications.

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another thought


The poet uses an allusion/a rather not well known kigo

Now we can imagine three situations with readers of various kinds of understanding, educational background etc.

the reader does not get the allusion/kigo -
reading the haiku at face value

the reader gets the allusion/kigo -
reading at the same cultural level

the reader gets a different allusion -
reading at a different level, getting a different image than the poet intended (and in worst-case cenario: writes a comment about the haiku as he understood it ...)



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Uchida Hyakken

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Uchida Hyakken Memorial Day

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Late Spring
***** Category: Observance

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Explanation

Uchida Hyakken 内田 百間
May 29, 1889 — April 20, 1971



Uchida Hyakken Memorial Day
Hyakken Ki 百閒忌 （ひゃっけんき）
Hyakki-En Ki 百鬼園忌（ひゃっきえんき）
(the title of one of his works and his poet name)
Mokuren Ki 木蓮忌（もくれんき）

The name HYAKKEN (in Chinese characters written with the MOON, not the Sun in the KEN　間)　derives from the river Hyakken 百間川 in Okayama.
. . . CLICK here for Photos of river Hyakkengawa!


quote
He was a Japanese author and academic. He was born in Okayama, to a family of sake brewers whose business later went bankrupt. His real name is Eizo Uchida (内田栄造 Uchida Eizo).
He became a pupil of Natsume Sōseki in 1911. He graduated from Tokyo University (Tokyo Imperial University) in 1914. He became professor of German at Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1916. He later taught at Hosei University (Tokyo). He is the main subject of Akira Kurosawa's last film, Madadayo.
His novel, Disk of Sarasate (サラサーテの盤 Sarasāte no ban) is the inspiration for the film, Zigeunerweisen.
He is the author of more than fifteen volumes of writings including I am a Cat: The Fake Version, and Gates Close at Dusk.
In Japan he is well known as a passionate railfan and he made some works on railway travel. A great literary figure in Japan, he has but one book translated into English: Realm of the Dead, a collection of short stories whose title work is perhaps his most well known.
A translated excerpt from another collection, Hyakkien Zuihitsu [Jottings from the Goblins' Garden], appeared in the JAL inflight magazine Skyward, January, 2006: "Small Round Things."
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !



阿房列車 Ahoo Ressha Train


Reference


Some of his work and about him
「全輯百間随筆」全６巻（版畫荘、昭11）
「内田百間全集」全１０巻（講談社、昭46～48）
「私の「漱石」と「龍之介」」（筑摩書房、昭40）
「百鬼園戦後日記」上下＜昭20～24＞（小沢書店、昭57）
「百鬼園日記帳」（論創社、昭56）＜昭10～11発行の正続合わせての復刻＞
「百鬼園先生雑記帳」（三笠書房、昭44）
「回想内田百間」（津軽書房、昭50）
「詩琴酒の人」（小沢書店、昭59）
「實歴阿房列車先生」（朝日新聞社、昭40）
「阿房列車物語」（論創社、昭56）
「内田百間論」（川村二郎著、福武書店、昭58）
「百鬼園寫眞帖」（旺文社編・刊、昭59）
「内田百間」日本文学研究資料新集22（酒井英行編、有精堂、昭61）
「百鬼園残夢」（伊藤隆史・坂本弘子共著、朝日新聞社、昭60）
source : xwww.libnet.pref.okayama.jp

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HAIKU

鯛網や浜街道は山に入り　　
tai-ami ya hama-kaidoo wa yama ni iri

net for sea breams -
the old beach road leads
into the mountains
　　　　　　　　　
Uchida Hyakken
Tr. Gabi Greve

Hamakaido is one of the old trading roads from Edo via Mito toward Iwanuma in Northern Japan, along the Sanriku Beach 三陸浜街道.

Haiku with SEA BREAM


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Volcano (kazan)

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Volcano (kazan)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Non-seasonal Topic
***** Category: Earth

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Explanation

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, ash and gases to escape from below the surface.
The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano island off Sicily which in turn, was named after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.



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kazan 火山 volcano
kazanbai 火山灰 volcanic ash


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アイスランドの火山噴火
エイヤフィヤトラヨークトル氷河



quote
Southern Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull glacier began erupting for the second time in a month on Wednesday, sending ash several miles (kilometers) into the air.

Thick drifts of volcanic ash blanketed parts of rural Iceland on Friday as a vast, invisible plume of grit drifted over Europe, emptying the skies of planes and sending hundreds of thousands in search of hotel rooms, train tickets or rental cars.

Polish officials worried that the ash cloud could threaten the arrival of world leaders for Sunday's state funeral for President Lech Kaczynski and his wife Maria in the southern city of Krakow.

The air traffic agency Eurocontrol said almost two-thirds of Europe's flights were canceled Friday, as air space remained largely closed in Britain and across large chunks of north and central Europe.

The agency said about 16,000 of Europe's usual 28,000 daily flights were canceled Friday — twice as many as were canceled a day earlier.

more in the Yahoo News of April 17
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_iceland_volcano


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Passengers face further disruption after flight restrictions were extended until 1300 BST on Sunday as the danger from Icelandic volcanic ash continues.

Prof Brian Golding, head of forecasting research at the Met Office, said it was likely the volcanic cloud would remain over the UK for several days.
"We need a change of wind direction that stays changed for several days and there is no sign of that in the immediate future,"

BBC NEWS Saturday, 17 April
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8627545.stm


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April 19
Flights are still disrupted, Japanese are stranded, the mozarella (of all things) is running out of supplies, so are cancer medicine and fresh fish from the mediterranean.
Japanese worry about the travel during Golden Week, which starts on April 29. Many consider cancelling their trips to Europe, just to be safe.



April 20
Eyjafjallajokull, that spitty big volcano in Iceland, continues to ground air travel throughout Europe today, with new eruptions and a new cloud of ash aimed toward the suffering Continental across the Pond.

According to The Met Office, an official advisory department in Britain, 'Eruptions from Eyjafjallajökull have continued through today with debris being emitted up to [13,100 to 16,400 feet] for much of the time.

The Met Office continued, 'Weather patterns continue to blow areas of ash towards the UK.'
Although airports were supposed to be open throughout the UK today, this new development from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland meant that in the United Kingdom, only Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Inverness airports in Scotland were open, while in England, flights were only going in and out of Newcastle.
http://news.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978185954



April 21
Hundreds of flights remain cancelled at Britain's airports despite a lifting of the UK airspace ban which has allowed some passengers to land at Heathrow for the first time in six days.

source : reference


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HAIKU


quiet skies
all over Europe . . .
nature calls

Gabi Greve


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This news clip on a UK airport inspired my haiku:

Kites and joggers on empty runway
Staff at Bristol Airport have made use of the empty runway to fly kites and run the airstrip.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8625564.stm



empty runway
airline staff practise for marathon
in the spring sun


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This news item on the uncertain wait for the Polish State Funeral inspried the next:

Family insists ash must not cast cloud over state funeralPremium Article !
Date: 17 April 2010
THE family of late Polish president Lech Kaczynski has urged that his state funeral be held tomorrow in Krakow as planned, despite fears that the volcanic ash cloud emanating from Iceland may keep some world leaders from attending.
http://news.scotsman.com/world/Family-insists-ash-must-not.6234557.jp


Poland -
President and wife lie in state
under pall of ash cloud

Sonam Chhoki
Bhutan, April 17, 2010

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the black cloud
pushing from Iceland pushes
up our taxes

dick pettit
WHCsenryu


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crescent moon
the belly of Iceland
straight up

Nicole Hyde
Kigo Hotline


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. . . from WHCitalian


nell'aereoporto
un vuoto a perdere
sopra la pista

in the airport
a non-returnable bottle
on the runaway

Tarquinio Brodo



mentre passeggio
intorno al lago penso
questo è un vulcano...

walking
all around the lake I think
this is a volcano...

Paul Anthony


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Related words

***** Vog in Hawaii (Volcanic Smog)


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